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1.
Interdisciplinaria ; 40(2): 393-408, ago. 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1448501

ABSTRACT

Resumen El proceso de adopción comprende cambios importantes en las familias adoptivas, pues implica una reestructuración y adaptación a una nueva organización del sistema familiar. Durante este proceso los padres elaboran expectativas y creencias respecto a cómo comportarse frente a los cambios y adaptarse a sus hijos, desde donde dirigen sus prácticas de crianza. La percepción del tiempo que tenga cada persona posee un papel en cómo se desarrolla la identidad tanto individual como familiar, pues las experiencias pasadas, vivencias actuales y expectativas del futuro influyen en sus acciones. Por lo tanto, es posible decir que los padres adoptivos elaboran teorías subjetivas sobre este proceso y especialmente en relación con el tiempo de espera de la adopción, explicaciones que podrían incidir en la forma en que enfrentan este nuevo desafío y se preparan para la parentalidad. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender las teorías subjetivas sobre el tiempo de espera y las experiencias de la parentalidad adoptiva. Participaron diez madres y padres adoptivos mediante entrevistas episódicas individuales. Se analizaron los datos obtenidos utilizando técnicas de tres procedimientos de análisis: de contenido basado en la Teoría Fundamentada, específico para las teorías subjetivas y de la perspectiva temporal. De los hallazgos se destacan teorías subjetivas de contenido emocional ansioso durante el proceso de adopción. Además, contar con una red de apoyo, compartir experiencias con otros padres y el uso de estrategias personales son las principales estrategias de adaptación de los padres adoptivos que les permiten sobrellevar los sentimientos negativos durante el proceso.


Abstract The adoption process includes important changes in adoptive families, since it implies a restructuring and adaptation to a new organization of the family system. The path to parenthood entails changes at levels of mental, physical and social health, which in the case of adoptive parents, the challenges are greater or are altered in some way due to the unique characteristics of their experiences and the obstacles they face. To these challenges are added the usual stressors that parents face, such as changes in roles, increased stress, lack of sleep, alterations in the relationship and intimacy of the couple and difficulties that arise in raising their children. On the other hand, time is configured as a concrete dimension through which life develop. The relationship between objective time and subjective or psychological time will shape the perception of time that each person has, which has a role in how both individual and family identity develops. This is because people´s actions are influenced by past experiences, current experiences and future expectations. One of the areas of the adoption process that has not yet been deepened is the waiting time, the period of time between obtaining the suitability and assignment of the minor to the adoptive family, which can be considered important for the future family depending on how adoptive parents face it, this because the way in which the adoption process is experienced impacts both the path to parenthood and post-adoption adaptation. In fact, it confirms that waiting time influences the psychological well-being of adoptive parents. Therefore, it is possible to say that adoptive parents elaborate subjective theories about this process and especially in relation to the waiting time for adoption, explanations that could influence the way in which they face this new challenge and prepare for parenthood. The present study aimed to understand subjective theories about the waiting time and experiences of adoptive parenting. Ten adoptive mothers and fathers participated in this study through individual episodic interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using techniques of three analysis procedures: content based on Grounded Theory, specific for subjective theories and time perspective.

2.
Actual. psicol. (Impr.) ; 35(131)dic. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR, PsiArg | ID: biblio-1383505

ABSTRACT

Resumen Objetivo. Reconstruir las teorías subjetivas de profesionales en trabajo social y psicología sobre la disciplina parental. Método. Es una investigación cualitativa con diseño descriptivo. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales a siete profesionales en trabajo social y siete en psicología de la cuarta región de Chile. El análisis de datos utilizó codificaciones mediante el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados. Se demostró que los consejos de disciplina parental se conforman por la formación profesional de pre y posgrado, la experiencia laboral en programas con familias y elementos personales relacionados con historia de vida y parentalidad. Es así que los consejos se basan principalmente en teorías subjetivas y profesionales que se relacionan con teorías formales. Se observan diferencias en los consejos que entregan ambas profesiones.


Abstract Objective. To reconstruct the subjective theories of social workers and psychologists regarding parental discipline. Method. The following research is qualitative, and it was carried out through a descriptive type of design. Individual interviews were conducted to seven social workers and seven psychologists from the fourth region of Chile. The analysis of the collected data was performed through the grounded theory using encodings from the ATLAS.ti. software. Results. It is shown that the pieces of advice regarding parental discipline are strongly influenced by the professional training, the working experience, and some personal elements and conceptions of the interviewed professionals. Some differences are observed regarding the pieces of advice provided from both professional perspectives.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Psychology , Social Work , Family Relations/psychology , Personal Satisfaction , Chile
3.
Rev. colomb. psicol ; 30(2): 13-26, July-Dec. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388949

ABSTRACT

Abstract The role of people's beliefs in their perception of disasters has been scarcely studied. This study, we analyzed how people who experienced an earthquake and a subsequent tsunami employ subjective theories (ST) to explain their traumatic experience. This study aimed to interpret the explanations developed by a group of people about the earthquake and tsunami that took place in Chile in 2015. Thirteen episodic interviews were conducted as part of a qualitative case study. The participants' theories were grouped into four categories: the impact of personality on one's reaction to hardships; the existence of a link between personality and coping styles; the limited influence of personality on one's way of coping with difficulties; and changes in personality after experiencing hardships. These findings are discussed analyzing whether the participants' explanations could foster personal growth and psychological well-being after the catastrophe.


Resumen El rol de las creencias en la experiencia del desastre ha sido poco investigado. En este estudio se analizó cómo personas que experimentaron un terremoto y posterior tsunami, utilizan teorías subjetivas (TS) para explicar la experiencia traumática. El propósito de este estudio fue interpretar las explicaciones que algunas personas elaboraron respecto al terremoto y tsunami vivido en la zona norte de Chile el año 2015. Se realizaron trece entrevistas episódicas, en el marco de un estudio de caso con metodología cualitativa. Como hallazgos interesantes de las teorías surgen cuatro categorías: implicancias de la personalidad en la reacción ante dificultades; existencia de relación entre personalidad y estilo de afrontamiento; poca importancia de la personalidad al momento de afrontar dificultades, y cambio en la personalidad luego de experimentar una dificultad. Estos hallazgos se discuten analizando si estas explicaciones podrían favorecer -o no- el crecimiento y bienestar psicológico posterior a la catástrofe.

4.
Psicol. esc. educ ; 25: e221423, 2021. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1287665

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir e interpretar las TS de la convivencia escolar, de un grupo de padres y madres de una escuela de educación primaria chilena. Se utilizó un muestreo teórico y se aplicaron grupos de discusión y entrevistas episódicas a 16 padres y madres de una escuela de educación primaria. Los datos se analizaron mediante la técnica de la teoría fundamentada, encontrando (a) teorías subjetivas simples, pero que disponen a los padres a educar a sus hijos en convivencia; (b) factores asociados a la CE y propuestas para su mejora, (c) además de un rol parental educativo que se organiza en tres niveles para enseñar a sus hijos a convivir en la escuela. En la discusión se analiza la implicancia de estas teorías subjetivas en la convivencia escolar y el rol parental.


O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e interpretar as teorias subjetivas (TS) da convivência escolar (CE), de um grupo de pais e mães de uma escola de educação primária chilena. Uma amostragem teórica foi utilizada e se aplicaram grupos de discussão e entrevistas episódicas em 16 pais e mães de uma escola de educação primária. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica da teoria fundamentada (Grounded Theory), encontrando: (a) teorias subjetivas simples, mas que proporcionam aos pais educar seus filhos na convivência; (b) fatores associados à CE e propostas de melhoria; (c) além de um papel educativo dos pais que se organiza em três níveis para ensinar seus filhos a conviver na escola. Na discussão é analisada a implicação das teorias subjetivas na convivência escolar e no papel parental.


The aim of this work was to describe and to interpret subjective theories about school coexistence in a group of parents from a Chilean primary school. A theoretical sample was used, group discussions and episodic interviews were conducted to 16 parents from a primary school. Data was analyzed through grounded theory, finding (a) simple subjective theories lead parents to raise their children on an environment-based approach; (b) associated factors with school coexistence environment and emerging proposals to improve them; (c) as well as a schooling parental role that it organizes around three levels of climate schooling teaching. In the discussion section, we analyze implications of these subjective theories into schooling environment and parental role.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parents , Sampling Studies , Education, Primary and Secondary , Mothers
5.
Liberabit ; 25(2): 251-266, jul.-dic. 2019. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1143227

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: el presente trabajo busca conocer las teorías subjetivas de la conducta prosocial de jóvenes voluntarios durante las etapas de respuesta y rehabilitación de un desastre socionatural. Método: se utilizó un diseño de caso cualitativo seleccionando, vía muestreo intencionado, 11 estudiantes universitarios voluntarios ante el desastre hidrometeorológico en Atacama, Chile. Los datos son producidos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y un grupo de discusión, utilizando como estrategia de análisis el proceso de codificación de la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: encontramos que (i) los voluntarios significan la conducta prosocial como un proceso de ayuda humanitaria, de temporalidad acotada, la cual depende de la empatía hacia los afectados, percepción de (in)capacidad institucional, evaluación subjetiva del riesgo, capacidades autopercibidas y sentido de responsabilidad social ante el desastre; (ii) Su desarrollo se vincula a una formación valórica temprana, la cual es mantenida por la participación constante en el tiempo en este tipo de actividades y el soporte emocional de terceros significativos; y (iii) Las motivaciones para el despliegue de estas conductas de ayuda, son del tipo extrínseco-social e intrínsecos-personales. Conclusiones: se sostiene la importancia del proceso formativo-educativo para el fortalecimiento del comportamiento prosocial, así como también, la importancia de formalizar el proceso de voluntariado ante estos eventos.


Objective: The present work aims to learn about the subjective theories of the prosocial behavior of young volunteers during the response and recovery stages of a socionatural disaster. Method: A qualitative case design was used by selecting, through intentional sampling, 11 university students who volunteered in the face of the hydrometeorological disaster occurred in Atacama, Chile. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a discussion group, using the coding process in grounded theory as an analysis strategy. Results: We found that (i) volunteers understand prosocial behavior as a process of limited-temporality humanitarian aid which depends on empathy towards those affected; the perception of institutional (in)capacity; a subjective risk assessment; self-perceived abilities; and a sense of social responsibility in the face of a disaster; (ii) its development is linked to an early value training, which is maintained by the constant participation in this type of activities over time and the emotional support of significant third parties; and (iii) the types of motivation to show this helping behavior are extrinsic-social and intrinsic-personal. Conclusions: The importance of the training-educational process for strengthening prosocial behavior is supported, as well as the importance of formalizing the volunteer recruitment process in the face of these events.

6.
Liberabit ; 24(1): 147-164, ene.-jun. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1020045

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo analiza y sistematiza el cambio subjetivo en educación desde la revisión de las principales contribuciones que derivan de los estudios nacionales e internacionales de teorías subjetivas (TS) realizados a la fecha en contextos educativos. Se presenta una mirada general de las investigaciones de TS en educación y se analiza y sistematiza sus hallazgos en un modelo de cambio de TS en contexto educativo que considera (a) un marco paradigmático, (b) un proceso de cambio, (c) factores de cambio (d) e indicadores del cambio. En la conclusión, se propone una síntesis del proceso de cambio de TS en contexto educativo basado en estudios empíricos revisados y contrastables en futuras investigaciones, además de discutir sobre limitaciones necesarias de superar para continuar avanzando en la construcción de una teoría del cambio de TS en educación


The aim of this paper is to analyze and systematize subjective change in education based on a review of the main contributions derived from national and international studies on subjective theories (ST) conducted to date in the field of education. An overview of the research on ST in education is presented. Findings are then analyzed and systematized in a model of ST change in educational contexts that considers: (a) a paradigmatic framework, (b) a change process, (c) change factors, and (d) change indicators. In the conclusion section, a summary of the process of ST change in educational contexts is proposed, based on empiric studies reviewed and testable in future research, and the limitations that must be overcome in order to make strides in the construction of a theory of ST change in education are discussed.

7.
Actual. psicol. (Impr.) ; 31(123): 44-61, jul.-dic. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS, INDEXPSI, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1088546

ABSTRACT

Abstract This research investigates the subjective theories of 12 Chilean and Costa Rican psychologists who work with children, with the purpose of describing and interpreting their explanations about child rearing. Episodic interviews were used and analyzed using a Grounded Theory model. The interviewees point out that they use their own experience and beliefs when advising parents. Results indicated that, according to the interviewees, the topics most frequently consulted by parents were children's high impulsivity and disciplining. The interviewees believe the most common parenting styles are the authoritarian and the permissive ones, the latter being associated with parents' fear and anxiety.


Resumen Este estudio investigó las teorías subjetivas de 12 psicólogos(as) chilenos(as) y costarricenses que trabajan en temáticas de infancia, a objeto de poder describir e interpretar sus explicaciones sobre la crianza. Esta investigación fue de carácter cualitativo, con un diseño metodológico descriptivo-interpretativo. Se realizaron entrevistas episódicas, analizadas utilizando el modelo de la Grounded Theory (teoría fundamentada). Los participantes señalaron usar sus propias experiencias y creencias al aconsejar a los padres y a las madres. Según los (as) entrevistados (as), los padres y las madres consultan principalmente sobre la impulsividad y disciplina de los (as) hijos (as). De acuerdo a los (as) entrevistados (as), los estilos parentales más recurrentes son el autoritario y el permisivo, este último asociado con el miedo y ansiedad de los padres y madres.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Parents/psychology , Personal Satisfaction , Psychology , Child Rearing/psychology , Parenting/psychology , Grounded Theory , Chile , Costa Rica
8.
Rev. colomb. psicol ; 24(2): 363-379, jul.-dic. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-766931

ABSTRACT

Se reportan los hallazgos de una investigación que reconstruye la teoría subjetiva de un grupo de docentes participantes de un diplomado de educación en valores acerca de su propio proceso de cambio. A una muestra de 12 profesores chilenos se le realizaron 35 entrevistas y se analizaron algunos documentos personales. La información se procesó mediante análisis cualitativo descriptivo y relacional, y fue codificada utilizando el programa aTlaS.ti. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes distinguen factores externos y propios como causas de sus cambios, diferencian entre vida personal y trabajo con incipientes explicaciones al integrar ambas dimensiones, y reconocen la importancia del cambio personal en el cambio profesional.


Findings are reported from a study that reconstructs the subjective theory of a group of teachers participating in an educational certification program regarding the values about their own processes of change. A sample of 12 Chilean teachers completed 35 interviews, and some personal documents were analyzed. The information was processed through descriptive and relational qualitative analysis, and it was coded using aTlaS.ti software. The results indicate that participants identify external factors and personal factors as the causes of their changes, differentiating between personal life and work, with emerging explanations that involve both settings. Furthermore, they recognize the importance of personal change in professional change.


Relatam-se as descobertas de uma pesquisa que reconstrói a teoria subjetiva de um grupo de docentes participantes de um curso de educação em valores sobre seu próprio processo de mudança. Com uma amostra de 12 professores chilenos foram realizadas 35 entrevistas e analisaram-se alguns documentos pessoais. A informação processou-se mediante análise qualitativa descritiva e relacional, e foi codificada utilizando o programa aTlaS.ti. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes distinguem fatores externos e próprios como causas de suas mudanças, diferenciam entre vida pessoal e trabalho com incipientes explicações ao integrar ambas as dimensões, e reconhecem a importância da mudança pessoal na mudança profissional.

9.
Interdisciplinaria ; 30(2): 219-234, dic. 2013. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-708519

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron las teorías subjetivas acerca de la violencia escolar de seis docentes directivos de seis establecimientos educacionales de la comuna de Coquimbo (Chile), tres de escuelas municipales (públicas) y tres de colegios particulares. El estudio fue de tipo cualitativo y la estrategia de recolección de datos utilizó una entrevista semi-estructurada de aplicación individual, seguida por un instrumento de auto-reporte. Los resultados fueron analizados, organizados e interpretados en base a la teoría fundamentada, lo que permitió reconstruir las explicaciones que los directivos han construido acerca de la violencia escolar. Los resultados indican que todos los participantes conciben la violencia escolar como un problema social importante pero poco común en sus instituciones educativas. Además, asumen que la violencia se origina fundamentalmente por influencias externas que provienen de la sociedad en su conjunto, tales como el tipo de estructura familiar y los procesos de socialización en el hogar, la calidad de la educación recibida y la influencia de los medios de comunicación. Cuando piensan en variables del propio sujeto, usualmente atribuyen la violencia a una baja autoestima. En esta concepción, al dejar de lado la participación del individuo como un agente racional que discierne y elabora juicios morales para guiar la acción, los directivos asumen una visión pasiva del sujeto como meramente respondiente a las influencias ambientales. Los hallazgos del estudio se discuten principalmente enfatizando sus implicaciones para la educación, específicamente para la educación moral y la prevención de la violencia.


This study analyzes the subjective theories regarding school violence held by six school officials of the city of Coquimbo (Chile). School violence is action carried out by a member of a school community that intends to cause harm against any member of that community. The study's main objective is to identify and interpre tthe various subjective theories regarding school violence held by the school officials as well as to explore whether there is a moral dimension to their subjective theories. We are interested in the moral dimension of the problem because research has shown that processes such as moral reasoning, moral identity, or moral motivation are linked to students' behavior in schools. Furthermore, social interactions are critical for the development of more advanced levels of moral reasoning. The study focuses on six members of the academic advisory board from six different schools, three municipal (public) schools and three subsidized private schools in the region of Coquimbo (Chile). Because the role of the administrative team is becoming increasingly important in the proper functioning of educational institutions, characteristics of school officials such as their leadership skills, negotiation skills, or abilities solve conflicts, have a direct impact on the success or failure of any educational program. Due to the qualitative approach of this study, each participant was interviewed using an individual semi-structured interview followed by a self-report questionnaire. Results were analyzed, organized, and interpreted based on grounded theory, which has been shown to be useful in analyzing subjective theories. Participants' explanations regarding school violence were reconstructed using the semantic categories that emerged in their interview responses. Results indicate that participants view school violence as an important social problem that should be contested; however, at the same time participants feel that it is not prevalent at their own educational institutions. Moreover, all participants believe that school violence takes place because of social influences, such as socialization processes at home, family values, quality of education, and influence of mass media, among others. This shows that participants hold a concept of the individual as merely respondent to environmental forces, lacking rational process and agency to discern and make moral judgments as a base for their actions. This is problematic because school violence has a moral dimension, as it involves issues of fairness, cooperation, conflict, negotiation with others, justice, and welfare. Results show that none of the participants understand violence as related to morality. Consequently, participants support traditional approaches to combat school violence aimed either at making students behave as it is prescribed by school norms or at enhancing students' social skills. However, such approaches disregard any moral education or moral discernment, even though research has identified moral values, the main variable in the study of social behaviour (Delfino & Zubieta, 2011), and moral development as factors related to violence. In general, school officials regard violence as externally originated, caused mainly by social forces and cultural factors. They also have subjective theories that hold the causes of school violence to be external and un manageable, minimizing their responsibility and their sense of efficacy in dealing with the problem. Assuming that a major role of education is to facilitate a better understanding of the world and knowing that teachers' beliefs are very important into explain teachers' behavior, the results of this study are discussed regarding its implications for education, particularly moral education and the prevention of violence.

10.
Rev. latinoam. cienc. soc. niñez juv ; 11(2): 703-718, jul.-dic. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-695854

ABSTRACT

En este artículo reportamos los hallazgos encontrados en un estudio acerca de las teorías subjetivas o personales presentes en una muestra constituida por nueve libros latinoamericanos con consejos para padres y madres, basados en la educación emocional de los hijos y de las hijas. Objetivo: describir las teorías subjetivas presentes en los libros latinoamerica-nos con consejos para padres y madres, específicamente acerca de la educación emocional de sus hijas e hijos en la primera infancia. Metodología: Esta investigación fue de carácter cualitativo, con aportes de la escuela Grounded Theory (teoría fundamentada), mediante un análisis apoyado por codificación abierta y codificación temática. Resultados y conclusiones: Encontramos tres principales categorías de códigos: 1) Estimulación del desarrollo afectivo o emocional; 2) formación moral y 3) rol de los padres y de las madres, planteadas con algo de alarmismo y determinismo psi-cológico, respecto de la infancia sobre los conflictos psicológicos de la adultez.


Subject(s)
Child Rearing
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